RCEP生效后外貿(mào)紡織服裝和輕工行業(yè)受益較大

當(dāng)前，中國和日本兩國均為貿(mào)易大國，而且互為重要貿(mào)易伙伴，通過簽署《區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定》（RCEP），雙方首次建立了自由貿(mào)易伙伴關(guān)系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了雙邊關(guān)稅減讓的歷史性突破，將極大地促進(jìn)兩國經(jīng)貿(mào)合作，為未來達(dá)成中日韓自貿(mào)協(xié)定奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

隨著兩國間零關(guān)稅產(chǎn)品覆蓋率大幅提高，以及原產(chǎn)地累積規(guī)則的實(shí)行，將進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大中日雙邊貿(mào)易規(guī)模，為中日經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系的發(fā)展提供更多機(jī)遇。

從中日雙邊貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)來看，中國向日本主要出口產(chǎn)品為電機(jī)電氣產(chǎn)品、機(jī)械產(chǎn)品、紡織服裝、玩具、箱包及塑料制品等產(chǎn)品。

外貿(mào)紡織服裝和輕工行業(yè)受益較大

作為首個中日間達(dá)成的自貿(mào)協(xié)定，由于此前中國已和除日本以外的其余13個RCEP成員國均簽署了自貿(mào)協(xié)定，相較而言，RCEP將顯著地增進(jìn)中日經(jīng)貿(mào)合作關(guān)系。根據(jù)RCEP協(xié)定，日本承諾協(xié)議生效后立即將中國進(jìn)口貨物商品零關(guān)稅覆蓋率提升到全部稅目的57%；協(xié)議生效11年內(nèi)零關(guān)稅覆蓋率提升到75%；協(xié)議生效16年內(nèi)零關(guān)稅覆蓋率提升到75%；協(xié)議生效21年內(nèi)零關(guān)稅覆蓋率最終達(dá)到88%。相應(yīng)地，中國對日本產(chǎn)品的零關(guān)稅比例也將最終達(dá)到86%。

從RCEP框架下日本對中國商品關(guān)稅減讓承諾來看，在中國對日本出口規(guī)模最大的電機(jī)電氣產(chǎn)品和機(jī)械制品兩類商品中，多數(shù)類目當(dāng)前已經(jīng)為零關(guān)稅，RCEP下并無明顯的關(guān)稅下調(diào)空間。而外貿(mào)紡織服裝類商品作為對日本出口的第三大類商品，在RCEP框架下將實(shí)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品逐步下調(diào)關(guān)稅至零關(guān)稅。對日本出口重點(diǎn)商品中的玩具、箱包、塑料制品等輕工產(chǎn)品也享受較大的關(guān)稅減讓空間。

當(dāng)前，日本是中國紡織服裝行業(yè)第三大出口市場（繼美國和歐盟之后） 。根據(jù)中國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021年1—9月，中國對日本出口的紡織原料及紡織制品類商品金額為141.5億美元，約占該類商品出口總額的6.5%。中國紡織服裝行業(yè)原先出口至日本大部分產(chǎn)品普遍面臨4.7%～10.9%的關(guān)稅，RCEP生效后，除少部分商品（如口罩等）保持基準(zhǔn)稅率不變，排除在關(guān)稅減讓承諾之外，對日本主要出口的棉織品、絲織品、合成纖維制品等服裝產(chǎn)品關(guān)稅都將逐年等比例消減，并在第16年實(shí)現(xiàn)零關(guān)稅。

中國對日本出口的玩具和箱包等輕工產(chǎn)品也將享受較大的關(guān)稅減免優(yōu)惠。當(dāng)前，日本是中國第四大玩具類出口市場（繼美國、歐盟和英國之后）。根據(jù)中國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021年1—9月，中國對日本出口的玩具類商品金額為35.7億美元，約占該類商品出口總額的4.8%。RCEP生效后，中國對日本出口的玩具類商品稅率將從當(dāng)前的普遍3.9%經(jīng)過11次或16次逐年降稅至零關(guān)稅。

當(dāng)前，日本是我國第三大箱包、皮革制品出口市場（繼美國和歐盟之后）。根據(jù)中國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021年1—9月，中國對日本出口的箱包、皮革制品金額為18.4億美元，約占該類商品出口總額的8.5%。RCEP生效后，中國對日本出口較多的箱包類商品也將經(jīng)過21次逐年降稅，從8%降至零關(guān)稅。

當(dāng)前，日本是中國第四大塑料制品出口市場（繼美國、歐盟和越南之后）。根據(jù)中國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2021年1—9月，中國對日本出口的塑料制品金額為47.2億美元，約占該類商品出口總額的5.0%。RCEP生效后，中國對日本出口的主要塑料制品稅率將經(jīng)過11次逐年降稅，從3.9%降至零關(guān)稅。

整體而言，日本針對中國紡織服裝和輕工產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅減讓期限普遍較長，短期效應(yīng)有限，但長期看將對中日雙邊相關(guān)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易合作的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展有積極意義。因此，中國紡織服裝和輕工產(chǎn)品有望在未來數(shù)年內(nèi)逐步提高在日本市場的價格競爭力，降低企業(yè)出口成本，從而擴(kuò)大對日本出口，利好中國相關(guān)行業(yè)企業(yè)。

原產(chǎn)地累積規(guī)則有利于擴(kuò)大對日本出口

RCEP生效后，原產(chǎn)地累積規(guī)則的實(shí)行將有效地降低產(chǎn)品獲得協(xié)定項(xiàng)下原產(chǎn)地資格的門檻，促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)要素在區(qū)域內(nèi)自由流動，尤其對中日之間的貿(mào)易將產(chǎn)生顯著積極影響。RCEP生效后，原來受制于東盟—日本等自貿(mào)協(xié)定的原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則而不得不采取本地生產(chǎn)等措施的產(chǎn)品，將能夠直接享受到日本的免關(guān)稅待遇。

以外貿(mào)紡織服裝為例，以前很多中國針織企業(yè)在東盟國家投資針織服裝制造廠，同時必須投資生產(chǎn)針織面料，才能享受日本的免關(guān)稅待遇。RCEP生效后，從中國進(jìn)口面料，在東盟加工成服裝后，再出口到日本，也可以享受免稅待遇。原產(chǎn)地累積規(guī)則鼓勵使用區(qū)域內(nèi)中間品，有利于通過原產(chǎn)地規(guī)則降低相關(guān)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本，進(jìn)而帶動相關(guān)中國企業(yè)擴(kuò)大對日本出口。

RCEP生效將給中日經(jīng)貿(mào)合作帶來難得的契機(jī)，迎來更多發(fā)展機(jī)遇。隨著各RCEP成員國，特別是中國和日本經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)帶來的有利條件，中國相關(guān)企業(yè)要積極利用RCEP的優(yōu)惠關(guān)稅措施和貿(mào)易便利化措施，優(yōu)化調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈布局，加快自身發(fā)展步伐。

At present, China and Japan are two countries trade big country, and are important trade partners, signed by the regional comprehensive economic partnership agreement (RCEP), for the first time the two sides established a free trade partnership, realize the historic breakthrough of bilateral tariff concession, will greatly promote the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries, reached for the future China, Japan and South Korea fta laid a foundation.

With the significant increase in the coverage of zero-tariff products between the two countries and the implementation of the accumulative rules of origin, bilateral trade will be further expanded and more opportunities will be provided for the development of china-japan economic and trade relations.

From the perspective of bilateral trade structure, China's main export products to Japan are electrical and electrical products, machinery products, textiles and clothing, toys, bags and plastic products.

Textile and garment industry and light industry benefit more

As the first free trade agreement between China and Japan, RCEP will significantly enhance sino-Japanese economic and trade cooperation since China has already signed free trade agreements with all the other 13 RCEP members except Japan. According to the RCEP agreement, Japan has pledged to increase the zero-tariff coverage rate of Chinese imports to 57% of all tariff items immediately after the RCEP takes effect. Within 11 years after the agreement came into force, the zero-tariff coverage rate was increased to 75%. Within 16 years after the agreement came into force, the zero-tariff coverage rate was increased to 75 percent. The tariff-free coverage of the agreement within 21 years of its entry into force eventually reached 88%. Accordingly, China's zero-tariff rate on Japanese products will eventually reach 86%.

According to Japan's tariff reduction commitment to Chinese goods under the RCEP framework, most of the two categories of electric motors and mechanical products, which are the largest exports from China to Japan, are already zero-tariff, and there is no obvious room for tariff reduction under RCEP. As the third major category of goods exported to Japan, textile and garment products will gradually reduce tariffs to zero for most products under the RCEP framework. Light industrial products such as toys, bags and plastic products, which are key items for export to Japan, also enjoy greater room for tariff reduction.

Currently, Japan is the third largest export market for China's textile and garment industry (after the United States and the European Union). According to the statistics of China Customs, from January to September 2021, the value of Textile raw materials and textile products exported from China to Japan was 14.15 billion US dollars, accounting for about 6.5% of the total export of such goods. China's textile and apparel industry exports to Japan's most original products generally faced with 4.7% ~ 10.9% tariff, RCEP comes into force, in addition to a small number of items (such as face masks, etc.) the benchmark rates unchanged, excluded from the tariff concession promise, on Japan's main export of cotton, silk, synthetic fiber products such as clothing products tariff will be proportionate to reduce year by year, And zero tariffs in year 16.

China's export of toys, bags and other light industrial products to Japan will also enjoy major tariff reduction. Currently, Japan is China's fourth largest toy export market (after the US, EU and UK). According to the statistics of China Customs, from January to September of 2021, China exported toys to Japan worth 3.57 billion US dollars, accounting for about 4.8% of the total export of such goods. After RCEP takes effect, the tariff rate on Toy goods exported from China to Japan will be reduced 11 or 16 times each year to zero from the current general rate of 3.9%.

At present, Japan is China's third largest export market for bags and leather products (after the United States and the European Union). According to the statistics of China Customs, from January to September 2021, China exported suitcases and leather products to Japan worth us $1.84 billion, accounting for about 8.5% of the total export of such goods. After the RCEP takes effect, China will also reduce tariffs on many bags and suitcases exported to Japan from 8% to zero for 21 times each year.

Japan is currently China's fourth largest plastic export market (after the United States, the European Union and Vietnam). According to the statistics of China Customs, from January to September of 2021, the amount of plastic products exported from China to Japan was 4.72 billion US dollars, accounting for about 5.0% of the total export of such goods. After the RCEP takes effect, the tax rate on major plastic products exported from China to Japan will be reduced from 3.9% to zero tariff for 11 times each year.

On the whole, Japan's tariff concessions for China's textile and garment products and light industrial products generally have a long term and limited short-term effect, but in the long run, it will have positive significance for the stable development of bilateral trade cooperation in related products. Therefore, China's textile and garment and light industrial products are expected to gradually improve their price competitiveness in the Japanese market in the next few years, reduce the export cost of enterprises, thus expanding exports to Japan and benefiting Chinese enterprises in related industries.

The cumulative rule of origin is conducive to expanding exports to Japan

After the RCEP comes into force, the implementation of the cumulative rules of origin will effectively lower the threshold for products to obtain the qualification of origin under the AGREEMENT, promote the free flow of production factors in the region, and have a significantly positive impact on trade between China and Japan in particular. After the RCEP takes effect, products that had to take measures such as local production due to the rules of origin of ASEAN-Japan free trade agreements will be able to directly enjoy Japan's tariff-free treatment.

Take textile and garment as an example. In the past, many Chinese knitting enterprises invested in knitting garment factories in ASEAN countries, but at the same time they had to invest in knitting fabrics to enjoy Japan's tariff-free treatment. After RCEP takes effect, fabrics imported from China, processed into garments in ASEAN countries and then exported to Japan will also enjoy duty-free treatment. The cumulative rules of origin encourage the use of intermediate products in the region, which is conducive to reducing production costs of relevant enterprises through rules of origin, thus driving relevant Chinese enterprises to expand exports to Japan.

The RCEP's entry into force will bring rare opportunities and more development opportunities to China-Japan economic and trade cooperation. As RCEP members, especially China and Japan, enjoy favorable economic recovery, relevant Chinese enterprises should make full use of RCEP's preferential tariff measures and trade facilitation measures to optimize and adjust the layout of the industrial chain and speed up their own development.